Introduction: Designing e-learning systems based on the principles and prerequisites of teaching and learning theories requires a comprehensive and systematic approach to instructional design procedure. An experience of instructional design, implementation and evaluation of an e-learning system is represented in this study.Methods: In the present action research study, five steps of systematic instructional design, including analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation, were performed in Tehran University of Medical Sciences for developing an e-learning system. The principles and prerequisites of teaching and learning procedure were identified. Then the supportive learning management system was designed and related regulations which were approved in associated university councils were developed. Faculty development workshops were held for e-teachers. This procedure was completed during 2007-2009.Results: Master degree program on medical education was chosen as the first discipline and 25 students enrolled in two academic years. The application of system as a supportive pedagogical instrument began by 44 faculty members who used the system for 450 students. Students' and teachers' evaluation of system showed their high satisfaction (88%). None of the students dismissed the course.Conclusion: A systematic instructional design before launching e-learning systems or purchasing softwares may guarantee its success. University's used the evaluation results for further revisions and updates of the system.

As time evolves, the demand of the markets becomes much more dynamic and for meeting client’s expectations and have the edge over others, changes in existent processes are compulsory. Thus, Improvement Initiative (IMI) provides guidelines in achieving organizational goals which is to optimize profit and enhance the productivity. However, several cases have been reported with low rate of success of the IMI’s practice in which they have failed to achieve the intended improvement result and one of the factors is lack of awareness of the IMI’s Critical Success Factors (CSF). The process to identify the CSFs of an IMI is significant as it allows organizations to focus their effort to make sure they are ready and qualified when implementing the respective IMI and prevent improvement failures in the future. In addition, lack of reference regarding the reference model of comprehensive CSFs for an IMI from existing literatures allow a new study to bridge this research gap. Therefore, this paper sets out the findings of reviewing and gathering latest critical success factors and thus developing a reference model that incorporate lists of CSFs for each IMI with their attributes. This study incorporated Positivism as the research perspective and adopted quantitative research method to meet the objectives. Via extensive systematic literature review (SLR) procedures, a total of 72 publications were used to extract information needed which later enable the conceptual model development for IMI selection of comprehensive critical success factors as a reference support for decision makers. To ensure generalization of the model, the quantitative research method was adopted with a total of 137 respondents’ feedback of survey were gathered from various organizations. The reflective-formative hierarchical model was then developed and analyzed using structural equation modelling (SEM) via Smart PLS software to test the model of CSFs for IMI. As the final result, six out of nine CSFs with 39 attributes were considered as critical factors when choosing the most suitable IMI to be adopted in an organization. As a conclusion, this research provides organizational readiness when starting to deploy IMI by providing comprehensive critical success factors as a reference point to aid and prepare practitioners that will lead to the failure of improvement in their business.

Among the rules that jurisprudential scholars, jurisprudence, jurists, and scholars of rhetoric have investigated are their lexical roots and customary meanings and cited their opinions in this regard as a reason or preference. Rule: "Foundation Precedes Emphasis" is the one that in the interpretation prefers the new meaning to the repetition and emphasis on the old meaning in explaining the words, and considers the new effect and independent benefit of words better than emphasizing the previous meaning. The current research is descriptive and analytical in order to express the importance, position, capacity and how to use the aforementioned rule in different sciences and examples its comparative use has been shown in the interpretation of the Qur'an, principles of jurisprudence, law and vocabulary. In other words, the necessity of paying attention to the principles of jurisprudence stems from the fact that they are basic principles, a mechanism that helps in achieving the outcome of the work of the mujtahid and his aim in ijtihad what he strives for. The study leads to results, including this rule which is one of the branches of “the implementation of speech takes precedence over its neglect,” and that it aims to preserve speech from being abolished. It does not deal with the cases, in which, it is necessary to confirm or establish because of evidence where there is no justification for opposition or recommendation.

Error correction capability of convolutional codes is improved by increasing code constraint length. However, increasing the constraint length results in high complexity of optimum Viterbi decoding algorithm because the number of computations in Viterbi algorithm is exponentially proportional to the constraint length. Consequently, decoding of high constraint length convolutional codes using Viterbi algorithm may practically be impossible. Sub-optimum decoding algorithms such as Fano and Stack algorithms have been proposed to feasible fast sequential decoding of high constraint length convolutional codes. In this paper, we introduce different methods of implementing Fano and Stack algorithms and propose some techniques to improve their speed and required memory. We compare the introduced implementations of the algorithms in terms of error correction capability, decoding time and required memory. Furthermore, we use simulation results to show that if the communication error is low, Fano and Stack algorithms can provide the same error correction capability as the optimum Viterbi algorithm in very short decoding time.